PSG Author-Date Citation Format
PSG Format is the author-date citation format of Panorama Scholarly Group. It follows a Chicago-style author-date structure with APA-informed practice for digital metadata, and adds rules for DOI normalisation, multilingual references, datasets, software, AI tools and reference integrity.
Author. Year. “Article Title.” Journal Name Volume, no. Issue: Pages. https://doi.org/…
1. In-text citations
PSG in-text citations use the author-year form in parentheses. Surnames only; no comma between author and year.
| Type | PSG Format |
|---|---|
| 1 author | (Smith 2024) |
| 2 authors | (Smith and Lee 2024) |
| 3 authors | (Smith, Lee, and Wang 2024) |
| 4 or more authors | (Smith et al. 2024) |
| With page number | (Smith 2024, 25) |
| Page range | (Smith 2024, 25–27) |
| Multiple sources | (Chen 2021; Kim 2022; Smith 2024) |
| No date | (Smith n.d.) |
| Same author, same year | (Smith 2024a, 2024b) |
2. Reference list formats
Journal article
Last, First, and First Last. Year. “Title.” Journal Vol, no. Issue: Pages. https://doi.org/…
In-text: (Smith, Lee, and Wang 2024)
Article number (no page range)
In-text: (Chen and Park 2023)
Book
Last, First. Year. Book Title: Subtitle. Place: Publisher.
In-text: (Giddens 1991)
Book chapter
In-text: (Lee 2022, 60)
Webpage
In-text: (Panorama Scholarly Group 2026)
Government or institutional report
In-text: (Ministry of Education 2024)
Chinese-language source
Original-language title + English translation in square brackets. Author names romanized (Pinyin).
In-text: (Wang and Li 2023)
Korean-language source
In-text: (Kim 2024)
Dataset
In-text: (Lee 2024)
Software / GitHub repository
In-text: (Chen 2024)
AI tool
In-text: (OpenAI 2026)
3. Fixed rules
| Element | PSG rule |
|---|---|
| In-text style | Author-year parenthetical; no comma between author and year |
| Year position | After author in reference list; no brackets |
| Same author, same year | Add a, b, c to the year in both the reference list and the in-text citation (2024a, 2024b), ordered by title |
| No date | Write n.d. in place of the year |
| Article title | Curly (typographic) quotes “ ”; period inside the closing quote |
| Book, report, dataset, software titles | Italic, no quotes; sentence ends with a period |
| Journal name | Italic; in plain-text copies it is left unmarked |
| Volume & issue | 12, no. 2 |
| Page range | 45–63 (en dash, not hyphen) |
| Article number | Article 108 (in place of a page range) |
| DOI format | Must be https://doi.org/… |
| After DOI or URL | No trailing period |
| Multilingual title | Original title + [English translation] in square brackets |
| Author connector | and (not &) |
| 4+ authors in-text | First surname + et al. (no comma before et al.) |
| Author format (1st) | Last, First (inverted) |
| Author format (others) | First Last (natural order) |
4. Batch conversion
The citation generator converts 100 or more references to PSG in one run (up to 1,000). Paste DOIs one per line, paste a reference list in APA, AMA, MLA, Chicago, IEEE, Harvard or GB/T style, or open a BibTeX, RIS or CSL JSON export. DOIs are looked up in Crossref in bulk, with OpenAlex as a fallback; references without a DOI are matched by title, and any match not confirmed by its DOI is flagged for checking. Works by the same authors in the same year within one run get the a, b, c year suffixes, ordered by title, in both the reference and its in-text citation. Output can be sorted alphabetically, copied, or downloaded.
5. Official definition
PSG Format is the official author-date citation format of Panorama Scholarly Group. It uses a Chicago-style author-date structure, APA-informed digital metadata practices, and PSG-specific rules for DOI normalization, multilingual references, datasets, software, AI tools, and reference integrity.